Psychiatric wards of Soochow Elizabeth Blake Hospital (1898-1937): a missing piece in the history of modern Chinese psychiatry.

The history of modern psychiatry in China began at the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the work of missionaries. Soochow was one of the first cities to establish a hospital for the treatment of mental patients, but historians knew little about it. It provided a valuable service from 1898 to 1937. In the 1930s, there were 200 beds in the psychiatry and neurology section, making it the most influential psychiatric hospital in East China. After Soochow was occupied by the Japanese army in 1937, the hospital was destroyed and shut down.

One Hundred Years of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins: A Story of Meyer to McHugh.

This article describes a history of clinical methods and constructs that guide Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins Phipps Clinic today. The contributions of Adolf Meyer and Paul McHugh are central and closely connected. Both emphasize the clinical examination as the central practice of psychiatry as a specialty within medicine. Meyer's comprehensive examination of the patient became the centerpiece of his approach and was the standard for psychiatrists in the English-speaking world. McHugh, with Phillip Slavney, developed a pluralistic and practical framework for interpreting that history and examination. Both argued against the uncritical use of the modern disease construct. McHugh argues that the disease construct, although fundamental, is but one of four useful "perspectives of psychiatry" and is, thus, an insufficient basis for psychiatric practice. The perspectives could be used as an organizing framework by all physicians who seek a practical and truly personalized approach to the care of patients.

Adolf Meyer: His Achievements and Legacy.

This lecture, given to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Service at Johns Hopkins, addresses the career and contributions to psychiatry and neurology of Adolf Meyer, the first Phipps Professor. It reviews his achievements historically describing the bleak clinical situation of psychiatry when he began as a neuropathologist at Kankakee Hospital in Illinois in 1892, what he did to address them, the sources of help he found and exploited from leading figures in the emerging Progressive Era (1890-1917) in American life, and how he confronted and overcame resistances to his empirical, psychobiological conceptions of mental illness as he advanced. His legacy is reflected in the signal contributions of four leaders of American psychiatry (Drs. Leo Kanner, Alexander Leighton, Jerome Frank, and Paul Lemkau) who had been his residents and in those aspects of contemporary teaching and research at Hopkins that reflect his thought.

[Coercive Measures in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Post-war Germany, Using the Example of the "Pflege- und Beobachtungsstation" in the State Psychiatric Hospital Weissenau (1951-1966)]. / Zwangsmaßnahmen in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in der Nachkriegszeit am Beispiel der Pflege- und Beobachtungsstation des Psychiatrischen Landeskrankenhauses Weissenau (1951-1966).

Coercive Measures in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Post-war Germany, Using the Example of the "Pflege- und Beobachtungsstation" in the State Psychiatric Hospital Weissenau (1951-1966) The patient admissions at the children's ward of the State Psychiatric Hospital Weissenau in the years 1951, 1956, 1961 and 1966 were analyzed regarding documented coercive measures. Shortage of staff, mainly inadequately skilled personnel, a mixing of age groups in the patient cohort, neurological and psychiatric disorders and of patients who were in need of nursing and of those who needed treatment constituted the general work environment. Coercive measures against patients, mostly disproportionate isolations, were a constant part of daily life on the ward. This affected in particular patients who had to stay longer at the hospital and whose stay was financed by public authority. The uselessness of such measures was known, which can be seen e. g. in the Caretaker's Handbook of that time and the comments in the patient files. The situation still escalated in some cases (for example by transfer to an adult ward). For a long time, coercive measures against patients were part of everyday life at the children's ward of the Weissenau; the actual figures are suspected to be much higher.

Los pacientes del manicomio La Castañeda y sus diagnósticos. Una propuesta desde la historia cuantitativa (México, 1910-1968) / The patients and their diagnosis at La Castañeda General Asylum. An approach from quantitative history (México, 1910-1968)

El Manicomio General La Castañeda, fundado en la Ciudad de México, albergó a 61.480 pacientes entre 1910 y 1968. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un panorama general de la población que ingresó a esta institución y los diagnósticos que recibieron los internos, análisis realizado a partir de una base de datos construida con una muestra de 20% de la población total. El artículo se divide en tres partes: en la primera, proponemos tres etapas para comprender la historia de La Castañeda cuya periodización es definida por cambios demográficos que coinciden con reformas administrativas; en la segunda, exponemos las características generales de la población psiquiátrica de La Castañeda; y finalmente, describimos los principales cambios demográficos, los cuales obedecieron a factores socio-políticos, innovaciones tecnológicas y transformaciones en la clínica. Como características principales de la población de La Castañeda tenemos la brevedad del encierro (18 meses en promedio) y la reducida mortalidad (23.8%) en comparación con otras instituciones del mismo tipo. En dicha circulación poblacional encontramos que las familias desempeñaron un papel determinante al asumir el cuidado de sus parientes locos. Así, el encierro prolongado de pacientes crónicos no fue un problema que aquejara al Manicomio General de forma tan severa como se ha creído (AU)

During its 58 years in operation (1910-1968), the Manicomio General La Castañeda housed 61,480 people. In this paper, we present an overview of the general characteristic of the patients based on a 20% sample of the overall population. We divided the text in three sections: in the first part we argue that the history of the institution comprises three distinctive periods characterized by demographic changes that coincide with administrative reforms. In the second, we present the general characteristics of La Castañeda's psychiatric population. Finally, we describe the most salient demographic changes, which stemmed either from socio-political events, technological innovations or clinical transformations. Some of the most salient results of the analysis of the sample show that the inmate population had short periods of hospitalization in the asylum (an average of 18 month), as well as a lower mortality rate (24.2%) in comparison to contemporary mental institutions. Families played a fundamental role in the care of their mad relatives, which accounts for the relatively short periods of hospitalization as well as the low death rates. Consequently, for this particular institution, chronic patients weren't such a serious problem as believed (AU)

Panorama hospitalario de Zamora a mediados del siglo XVIII / Hospital Panorama in Zamora at the middle of the XVIIIth Century

El siglo XVIII fue un periodo de reformas en múltiples campos, también en el asistencial. Para avanzar en su estudio, el presente artículo profundiza en el conocimiento de la red hospitalaria a mediados de dicha centuria en los territorios que integran la actual provincia de Zamora. En este sentido, se analiza el tipo de establecimientos, su financiación, organización y funcionamiento. Como resultado, se nos dibuja un panorama salpicado de numerosos albergues rurales y algunos hospitales de curación en núcleos de cierta entidad urbana, consagrados, fundamentalmente, al acogimiento y atención religiosa de pobres transeúntes. Tales establecimientos se nutrían, sobre todo, de rentas agrarias y del producto de censos. Contaban, además, con una notable presencia eclesiástica (AU)

The XVIIIth century was an era of reforms in multiple fields, including healthcare. To advance in its study, the present article delves into the knowledge about the hospital network in the middle of said century within the territories which integrate the current province of Zamora. Accordingly, the type of establishment, its funding, organisation and operation are analysed. As a result, a panorama dotted with numerous rual refuge sand some hospitals in the centre of certain built-up areas is drawn, dedicated, basically, to the reception and religious assistance of poor vagrants, Scuh establishments were funded, above all, by agricultural income and by census rents. They counted, moreover, on a notable, ecclesiastic presence (AU)

[History of Jagiellonian University Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases in 100 anniversary]. / Zarys historii Kliniki Neurologiczno- Psychiatrycznej w 100 rocznice powstania.

In the paper there have been presented the creation and activities of the Clinic of Neuropsychiatry in the period of 1914-1950 and the scientific and organizational work of professor J. Piltz (1870-1930).

Joint geriatric and old-age psychiatric wards in the U.K., 1940s-early 1990s: a historical study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the history of joint geriatric-psychiatric units. For policy making and planning of high-quality clinical service models, clinical and social contexts need to be considered. Longitudinal, contextual information can be provided by historical analyses, including the successes and failures of earlier, similar services. Historical analyses complement clinical, randomised controlled studies and may contribute to ensuring optimum outcomes for future schemes. METHODS: Standard historical methodology was used, including searching published sources and institutional and personal archives and conducting a 'witness seminar' and individual oral history interviews. RESULTS: Proposals to create joint units have existed since 1947. Most clinically successful units were led by enthusiastic, dedicated clinicians. Joint units had the potential to provide appropriate assessment and treatment for patients with multiple disorders and education for staff and students. Joint units never became widespread. CONCLUSIONS: Reasons for the limited success of joint geriatric-psychiatric units might have included personalities of individuals, administrative boundaries separating geriatrics and medicine, unequal numbers of geriatricians and old-age psychiatrists, varying professional ideologies about the meaning of 'integrated' services, lack of reciprocity for each other's inpatients and lack of government support. Identified stumbling blocks need to be considered when planning joint clinical schemes. If current research indicates benefits of integrated wards for patients and their families, there needs to be ways to ensure that personal factors and fashions of management or government re-prioritisation will not lead to their premature termination.

Stanley Cobb (1887-1968): studying the link between the mind and the body.

Stanley Cobb was an eminent neurologist that is regarded as 'the founder of biological psychiatry'. Having studied at Harvard university, Cobb had many varied interests, including ornithology and natural history. Following his undergraduate studies, he travelled widely and incorporated a period of study in Europe. Upon return to America, he was appointed Director of the Harvard Neurological Unit. Following a change of interest from neurology to psychiatry, Cobb was instrumental in establishing psychiatry as a specialty in America. The research laboratory, 'Stanley Cobb Laboratory for Psychiatric Research' at Massachusetts General Hospital was named in his honour and contribution to the service at the hospital.

Oficinas expressivas: uma inclusão de singularidades / Expressive ateliers: an inclusion of singularities / Ateliers expressifs: une inclusion des singularités / Oficinas expresivas: una inclusión de singularidades

Este artigo pretende fazer uma reflexão crítica sobre as atividades artísticas realizadas nos serviços de saúde mental e nos diversos espaços sociais. Inicialmente, contextualiza-se como a loucura tem sido percebida socialmente, como o trabalho tem sido visto na forma de tratamento moral e como a assistência psiquiátrica modificou-se no decorrer da história. A seguir, problematizam-se as formas ainda exclusoras de realizar oficinas terapêuticas apenas em serviços de saúde mental e unicamente com a participação de pessoas que possuem transtornos mentais. Questiona-se também a clínica tradicional e cronificante. Discute-se, ainda, a segregação daqueles que desviam da serialização de subjetividades impostas pela sociedade de controle. As atividades expressivas propõem a inclusão de múltiplas singularidades. Além disso, busca-se um acolhimento às diversas formas de linguagem, não apenas aquelas restritas ao verbal, e a circulação de afetos e de produções artísticas em diversos territórios comunitários(AU)

This article intends to make a critical reflection on the artistic activities accomplished in mental health services, and in many social spaces. Initially, it's contextualized how mental illness has been perceived in society, how the work seemed to be a moral treatment, and how the psychiatric assistance has been modified through history. Following, we consider the still excludent forms of accomplishing therapeutical workshops only in services of mental health, and with the exclusive participation of people with mental disturbances. The traditional and chronifying clinical practice is also questioned. Another discussion is about the segregation of people who deviate from the serialization of subjectivities imposed by a society of control. Expressive activities consider the inclusion of multiple singularities. Moreover, there is a search for a way of sheltering the multiple forms of language, not only those restricted to the verbal one, and the circulation of affection and artistic productions in different communitarian territories(AU)

Cet article vise à faire une réflexion critique sur les activités artistiques réalisées dans les services de santé mentale et dans divers espaces sociaux. Initialement, on contextualize comme la folie a été perçue socialement, comme le travail a été vu sous la forme de traitement moral et comme l'assistance psychiatrique s'est modifiée pendant l'histoire. À suivre, on pose quéstion sur les formes d'ateliers thérapeutiques qui encore excluent les personnes, dans la mesure où ils sont realisés seulement dans services de santé mentale et seulement avec la participation de personnes qui souffrent de bouleversements mentaux. On discute aussi la clinique traditionnelle et chronifiée et la ségrégation des personnes qui dévient de la serialization de la subjectivité imposée par la société de contrôle. Les activités expressives proposent l'inclusion de multiples singularités. En outre, on cherche accueillir les diverses formes de langage - non seulement celles-là restreintes au verbal - et permettre la circulation d'affections et de productions artistiques dans divers territoires communautaires(AU)

Este articulo pretende hacer una reflexión sobre las actividades artísticas realizadas en los servicios de salud mental y en los diversos espacios sociales. Inicialmente, se contextualiza como la locura ha sido percibida socialmente, como el trabajo en la forma de tratamiento moral y como la asistencia psiquiátrica se ha modificado en el recorrer de la historia. A seguir se problematizan las formas todavía exclusoras de realizar oficinas terapéuticas solo en servicios de salud mental y solamente con la participación de personas que tienen trastornos mentales. Se cuestiona, aún, la clínica tradicional y cronificante. Se discute, todavía, la segregación de los que desvían de la socialización de subjetividades impuestas por la sociedad de control. Las actividades expresivas proponen la inclusión de múltiples singularidades. Fuera de eso, se busca un acogimiento a las diversas formas de lenguaje, no solo aquellas restrictas al verbal, pero también a la circulación de afectos y producciones artísticas en diversos territorios comunitarios(AU)

Oficinas expressivas: uma inclusão de singularidades / Expressive ateliers: an inclusion of singularities / Ateliers expressifs: une inclusion des singularités / Oficinas expresivas: una inclusión de singularidades

Este artigo pretende fazer uma reflexão crítica sobre as atividades artísticas realizadas nos serviços de saúde mental e nos diversos espaços sociais. Inicialmente, contextualiza-se como a loucura tem sido percebida socialmente, como o trabalho tem sido visto na forma de tratamento moral e como a assistência psiquiátrica modificou-se no decorrer da história. A seguir, problematizam-se as formas ainda exclusoras de realizar oficinas terapêuticas apenas em serviços de saúde mental e unicamente com a participação de pessoas que possuem transtornos mentais. Questiona-se também a clínica tradicional e cronificante. Discute-se, ainda, a segregação daqueles que desviam da serialização de subjetividades impostas pela sociedade de controle. As atividades expressivas propõem a inclusão de múltiplas singularidades. Além disso, busca-se um acolhimento às diversas formas de linguagem, não apenas aquelas restritas ao verbal, e a circulação de afetos e de produções artísticas em diversos territórios comunitários

This article intends to make a critical reflection on the artistic activities accomplished in mental health services, and in many social spaces. Initially, it's contextualized how mental illness has been perceived in society, how the work seemed to be a moral treatment, and how the psychiatric assistance has been modified through history. Following, we consider the still excludent forms of accomplishing therapeutical workshops only in services of mental health, and with the exclusive participation of people with mental disturbances. The traditional and chronifying clinical practice is also questioned. Another discussion is about the segregation of people who deviate from the serialization of subjectivities imposed by a society of control. Expressive activities consider the inclusion of multiple singularities. Moreover, there is a search for a way of sheltering the multiple forms of language, not only those restricted to the verbal one, and the circulation of affection and artistic productions in different communitarian territories

Cet article vise à faire une réflexion critique sur les activités artistiques réalisées dans les services de santé mentale et dans divers espaces sociaux. Initialement, on contextualize comme la folie a été perçue socialement, comme le travail a été vu sous la forme de traitement moral et comme l'assistance psychiatrique s'est modifiée pendant l'histoire. À suivre, on pose quéstion sur les formes d'ateliers thérapeutiques qui encore excluent les personnes, dans la mesure où ils sont realisés seulement dans services de santé mentale et seulement avec la participation de personnes qui souffrent de bouleversements mentaux. On discute aussi la clinique traditionnelle et chronifiée et la ségrégation des personnes qui dévient de la serialization de la subjectivité imposée par la société de contrôle. Les activités expressives proposent l'inclusion de multiples singularités. En outre, on cherche accueillir les diverses formes de langage - non seulement celles-là restreintes au verbal - et permettre la circulation d'affections et de productions artistiques dans divers territoires communautaires

Este articulo pretende hacer una reflexión sobre las actividades artísticas realizadas en los servicios de salud mental y en los diversos espacios sociales. Inicialmente, se contextualiza como la locura ha sido percibida socialmente, como el trabajo en la forma de tratamiento moral y como la asistencia psiquiátrica se ha modificado en el recorrer de la historia. A seguir se problematizan las formas todavía exclusoras de realizar oficinas terapéuticas solo en servicios de salud mental y solamente con la participación de personas que tienen trastornos mentales. Se cuestiona, aún, la clínica tradicional y cronificante. Se discute, todavía, la segregación de los que desvían de la socialización de subjetividades impuestas por la sociedad de control. Las actividades expresivas proponen la inclusión de múltiples singularidades. Fuera de eso, se busca un acogimiento a las diversas formas de lenguaje, no solo aquellas restrictas al verbal, pero también a la circulación de afectos y producciones artísticas en diversos territorios comunitarios

Shell shock at Maghull and the Maudsley: models of psychological medicine in the UK.

The shell-shock epidemic of 1915 challenged the capacity and expertise of the British Army's medical services. What appeared to be a novel and complex disorder raised questions of causation and treatment. To address these pressing issues, Moss Side Military Hospital at Maghull became a focus for experiment in the developing field of psychological medicine as clinicians from diverse backgrounds and disciplines were recruited and trained at this specialist treatment unit. By contrast, the Maudsley wing of 4th London General Hospital expanded from the neurology department of King's College Medical School and drew upon the neuropathology research of Frederick Mott at Claybury Asylum. By focusing on the psychodynamics of environmental factors, doctors at Maghull offered an alternative to the physicalist hypotheses (heredity and neuropathy acquired as a result of disease or aberrant behavior) explored at the Maudsley. To understand the cause and pathology of shell shock, both institutions admitted a diverse range of patients and experimented with treatments. The individual attention offered to service patients who were not psychotic allowed psychiatry to develop in a way that had not been possible in the county asylum system. The design and operation of Maghull and the Maudsley provided models for departments of psychological medicine in the post-war period.

O engenho por dentro: cartografia das práticas cotidianas de cuidado em saúde mental dos auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem na perspectiva da integralidade / Cartography of everyday mental health care practices of the nursing staff within the integral care perspective

Discutem-se os processos de trabalho e de produção do cuidado dos auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem do Núcleo de Atenção à Crise do Instituto Municipal de Assistência à Saúde Nise da Silveira, no contexto da desinstitucionalização, e seus efeitos na integralidade do cuidado. O foco de análise repousa sobre o cuidado cotidiano prestado por esses profissionais nas unidades de internação psiquiátrica. Buscou-se realizar uma reflexão sobre os aspectos contemporâneos do cotidiano da assistência psiquiátrica e o papel dos hospitais psiquiátricos no atendimento aos pacientes agudos. Para tal objetivou-se, especificamente: contextualizar o IMNS no cenário de saúde mental no município do Rio de Janeiro; descrever as práticas assistenciais de auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem no cuidado aos pacientes agudos internados; e discutir as práticas de cuidado no contexto da reorientação do modelo hospitalar e suas repercussões na integralidade da assistência em saúde, buscando contradições e aproximações com o discurso da política de saúde mental vigente. Foram abordadas na fundamentação teórica: as questões da prática da equipe de saúde sob o eixo da integralidade, em especial da equipe de enfermagem, e a relação trabalho/saúde/cotidiano na construção dos processos de trabalho e de produção do cuidado da assistência prestada. Como abordagem teórico- metodológica que possibilitou alcançar o objetivo proposto, realizou-se estudo exploratório, de natureza qualitativa, na perspectiva da cartografia, tendo na observação participante seu principal elemento de coleta de dados. O mapeamento das práticas rotineiras de cuidado evidenciou que estas são predominantemente pautadas no modelo asilar, no qual auxiliares e técnicos desempenham suas atividades diárias de modo distanciado dos pacientes e de suas necessidades...

[The establishment of SUMC (Severance Union Medical College) Psychiatry Department and the formation of humanistic tradition].

Psychiatry is a branch of medicine which deals with the problem of mental health. Although psychiatric concept and treatment is not absent in traditional medicine in Korea, it was not regarded as an independent discipline of medicine. Modern psychiatry was introduced into Korea as modern Western medicine w as introduced in 19th century. The American medical missionary Dr. Allen and Dr. Heron gave the first classification of mental diseases of Korean patients in their first year report of Jejoongwon hospital. The statistics are characterized by relatively high rate of hysteria patients among the patients with mental disorders. It was Dr. Mclaren who took the charge of the Psychiatric Department of Severance hospital, the successor of Jejoongwon hospital. As a psychiatrist, Dr. Mclaren had a deep interest in human nature and mind. His thinking on the subjects was based on his Christian faith and philosophy. He claimed that Christian faith plays an important role in curing mental diseases. And several medical students decided to become a psychiatrist under his influence. Among them is Dr. Lee Chung Chul who took the charge of the Department of Psychiatry after Mclaren. After graduation in 1927, Dr. Lee studied in Peking Union Medical College, Australia, and Japan. His main research interests were focused on the biological aspects of mental disorders, and he published several important papers on the subject. But his unexpected early resignation and subsequent expulsion of Dr. Mclaren from Korea by Japanese colonial government hindered further development of psychiatry in Severance Union Medical College until the Liberation from Japanese occupation in 1945. But some of their students specialized in psychiatry during the hard period of early 1940s and they played an important role in the development of modem psychiatry in Korea after the Liberation.